李红,白雨鑫,何青

• 1:华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院

摘要(Abstract)：

压缩二氧化碳储能系统具有储能密度大、系统设备紧凑、运行寿命长等优点。膨胀机是储能系统的关键设备，对整个储能系统的效率和性能有直接影响。综述了各类膨胀机的研究现状；介绍了不同类型二氧化碳膨胀机的工作原理及特点；提供了可在压缩二氧化碳储能系统中应用的膨胀机类型；分析了应用于储能系统的4种膨胀机存在的问题及其解决方案；指出了二氧化碳膨胀机的研究方向，包括设计方法优化、关键部件结构优化、泄漏、密封、摩擦、润滑等，为压缩二氧化碳储能系统膨胀机的优化设计提供参考。

关键词(KeyWords)： 储能系统;二氧化碳;膨胀机;膨胀机选型;改进思路

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 李红,白雨鑫,何青

DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305077

参考文献(References)：

• [1] TANG H,WU H,WANG X, et al. Performance study of a twin-screw expander used in a geothermal organic Rankine cycle power generator[J]. Energy, 2015, 90:631-642.
• [2]姜云涛,马一太,李敏霞,等.二氧化碳跨临界循环系统用新型膨胀机的研发[J].制冷学报, 2010, 31(5):1-4.JIANG Yuntao, MA Yitai, LI Minxia, et al. Development of newly-designed expander used in CO2 transcritical system[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2010, 31(5):1-4.
• [3]丑一鸣.活塞膨胀机[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1990:1.CHOU Yiming. Piston expander[M]. Beijing:China Machine Press, 1990:1.
• [4]秦鹏伟,马一太,党超镔,等. CO2气液两相小型膨胀机的研究进展[J].制冷学报, 2023, 44(1):24-34.QIN Pengwei, MA Yitai, DANG Chaobin, et al. Research progress of small-scale CO2 two-phase expanders[J].Journal of Refrigeration, 2023, 44(1):24-34.
• [5] SAKITANI K, MORIWAKI M, OKAMOTO M, et al.Development of two-phase flow expander for CO2 heat pump and air-conditioners[C]//Proceeding of International Heat Pump Conference in 2005, Las Vegas,USA, 2005.
• [6]蒋芸慧,陈亚平,吴嘉峰,等.带导叶气缸随转滑片式膨胀机性能的数值模拟[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 51(5):889-895.JIANG Yunhui, CHEN Yaping, WU Jiafeng, et al.Numerical simulation on performance of sliding vane expander with synchronous rotating cylinder and guiding vanes[J]. Journal of Southeast University(Natural Science Edition), 2021, 51(5):889-895.
• [7]王伟. CO2双缸滚动活塞膨胀机的结构改进和实验研究[D].天津:天津大学, 2010:1.WANG Wei. Structural improvement and experimental study on CO2 double rolling piston expander[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University, 2010:1.
• [8]郑敏之.涡卷式膨胀机的性能试验[J].压缩机技术,1991(3):1-5.ZHENG Minzhi. Performance test of scroll-type expander[J]. Compressor Technology, 1991(3):1-5.
• [9]陈波.涡旋式膨胀机的热力特性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2004:1.CHEN Bo. Study of thermal characteristics of vortex expanders[D]. Huangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2004:1.
• [10]马一太,魏东,王景刚,等.跨临界制冷循环中应用两相螺杆膨胀机的理论分析[J].工程热物理学报, 2001,22(2):137-140.MA Yitai, WEI Dong, WANG Jinggang, et al. A theoretical analysis of the application of the two-phase flow screw expander in CO2 transcritical refrigeration cycle[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2001,22(2):137-140.
• [11]王鑫伟.双螺杆膨胀机瞬态特性研究[D].镇江:江苏大学, 2019:1.WANG Xinwei. Research on transient characteristics of twin screw expander[D]. Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University,2019:1.
• [12]计光华.透平膨胀机[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1982:1.JI Guanghua. Turbo expander[M]. Beijing:Machine Press, 1982:1.
• [13]SARKAR J. Second law analysis of supercritical CO2recompression Brayton cycle[J]. Energy, 2009, 34(9):1172-1178.
• [14]陈宇轩.小功率有机工质向心透平叶轮气动优化设计及强度分析[D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2018:1.CHEN Yuxuan. Small-scale organic medium radialinflow turbine aerodynamic optimization design and strength analysis[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science&Technology, 2018:1.
• [15]王春阳. 70 MW级超临界二氧化碳闭式布雷顿循环向心透平设计分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学, 2020:1.WANG Chunyang. Design and improvement of a 70 MW radial turbine within a closed supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle[D]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology, 2020:1.
• [16] HEYL P, PREUSSER S, KRAUS W E. The CO2 heat pump project at the TU Dresden[J]. Iea Heat Pump Centre Sittard, 1998:217-241.
• [17] BAEK J S, GROLL E A, LAWLESS P B. Piston-cylinder work producing expansion device in a transcritical carbon dioxide cycle. Part I:experimental investigation[J].International Journal of Refrigeration, 2005, 28(2):141-151.
• [18] BAEK J S, GROLL E A, LAWLESS P B. Piston-cylinder work producing expansion device in a transcritical carbon dioxide cycle. Part II:theoretical model[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2005, 28(2):152-164.
• [19] ZHANG B, PENG X, HE Z, et al. Development of a double acting free piston expander for power recovery in transcritical CO2 cycle[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2007, 27(8/9):1629-1636.
• [20] FUKUTA M, ANZAI F, MOTOZAWA M, et al.Performance of radial piston type reciprocating expander for CO2 refrigeration cycle[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2014, 42:48-56.
• [21]马一太,李敏霞,李丽新,等. CO2跨临界膨胀机的开发与实验研究[J].制冷学报, 2003, 24(4):5-9.MA Yitai, LI Minxia, LI Lixin, et al. Development and experimental research on CO2 transcritical expander[J].Journal of Refrigeration, 2003, 24(4):5-9.
• [22]管海清. CO2跨临界循环膨胀机理与转子式膨胀机压缩机研究[D].天津:天津大学, 2005:1.GUAN Haiqing. Research on expansion theory of CO2transcritical cycle and focus on rotary expandercompressor[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University, 2005:1.
• [23] FERRARA G, FERRARI L, FIASCHI D, et al. Energy recovery by means of a radial piston expander in a CO2refrigeration system[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2016, 72:147-155.
• [24]王先锋.往复活塞式膨胀机有机朗肯循环余能回收系统研究[D].吉林:吉林大学, 2016:1.WANG Xianfeng. Study on reciprocating piston expander waste heat recovery system coupling ORC[D]. Jilin:Jilin University, 2016:1.
• [25]季嘉晨.活塞膨胀机设计及性能分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学, 2018:1.JI Jiachen. Design and performance analysis of piston expander[D]. Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2018:1.
• [26] GLAVATSKAYA Y, PODEVIN P, LEMORT V, et al.Reciprocating expander for an exhaust heat recovery Rankine cycle for a passenger car application[J]. Energies,2012, 5(6):1751-1765.
• [27]虞启辉,李晓飞,李晓东.膨胀比对活塞式膨胀机工作特性影响的研究[J].液压与气动, 2023, 47(1):44-51.YU Qihui, LI Xiaofei, LI Xiaodong. Study on influence of expansion ratio on operating characteristics of piston expander[J]. Chinese Hydraulics&Pneumatics, 2023,47(1):44-51.
• [28]李敏霞,马一太,李丽新.二氧化碳摆动转子膨胀机的设计与受力研究[J].机械设计, 2005, 22(10):48-51.LI Minxia, MA Yitai, LI Lixin. Design and force study of carbon dioxide swing rotor expander[J]. Journal of Machine Design, 2005, 22(10):48-51.
• [29] GUAN H Q, MA Y T, LI M X. Some design features of CO2 swing piston expander[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2006, 26(2/3):237-243.
• [30] MATSUI M, HASEGAWA H, OGATA T, et al.Development of the high-efficiency technology of a CO2two-stage rotary expander[J]. HVAC&R Research, 2009,15(4):743-758.
• [31]李敏霞,马一太,安青松,等. CO2跨临界循环水源热泵的封闭式摆动转子膨胀机[J].机械工程学报, 2008,44(5):160-164.LI Minxia, MA Yitai, AN Qingsong, et al. Hermetic swing expander in transcritical carbon dioxide cuce water source heat pump[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2008, 44(5):160-164.
• [32] LEMORT V, GUILLAUME L, LEGROS A, et al. A comparison of piston screw and scroll expanders for small scale Rankine cycle systems[C]//Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Microgeneration and Related Technologies, 2013.
• [33]吴玉庭,王伟,夏国栋,等.基于单螺杆膨胀机的分布式太阳能热电联供系统[J].可再生能源, 2015, 37(8):33-37.WU Yuting, WANG Wei, XIA Guodong, et al. Distributed solar cogeneration system based on single screw expander[J].Renewable Energy Resources, 2015, 37(8):33-37.
• [34] SHEN L, WANG W, WU Y, et al. Theoretical and experimental analyses of the internal leakage in singlescrew expanders[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 86:273-281.
• [35]郭志宇.提升有机朗肯循环单螺杆膨胀机工作温度的关键问题研究[D].北京:北京工业大学, 2023:1.GUO Zhiyu. Study on the key problems of improve the working temperature of single screw expander in organic Rankine cycle system[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology, 2023:1.
• [36]李沛昀,李杨,王文彬,等.三角转子膨胀机在跨临界CO2制冷循环中的应用分析[J].化工学报, 2021, 72(增刊1):161-169.LI Peiyun, LI Yang, WANG Wenbin, et al. Application analysis of Wankel expander in CO2 transcritical refrigeration cycle[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(Suppl.1):161-169.
• [37]杨炳春,郭蓓,彭学院,等. CO2滑片膨胀机热力过程试验研究[J].西安交通大学学报, 2007, 41(11):1292.YANG Bingchun, GUO Bei, PENG Xueyuan, et al.Experimental research on internal working process of rotary vane expander in CO2 refrigeration system[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 2007, 41(11):1292.
• [38]曾寒松,杨炳春,郭蓓,等.跨临界CO2滑片膨胀机的研究与开发[J].制冷与空调, 2007(4):56-58.ZENG Hansong, YANG Bingchun, GUO Bei, et al. Study and development of an transcritical CO2 rotary vane expander[J]. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning,2007(4):56-58.
• [39]孙少毅,杨炳春,彭学院.空气系统中滑片膨胀机热力性能的试验研究[J].流体机械, 2008, 36(5):1-5.SUN Shaoyi, YANG Bingchun, PENG Xueyuan.Experimental investigation on the thermodynamic performance of a rotary vane expander in the air system[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2008, 36(5):1-5.
• [40] SUBIANTORO A, TIOW O K. Introduction of the revolving vane expander[J]. HVAC&R Research, 2009,15(4):801-816.
• [41] SHEN L, WANG W, WU Y, et al. Theoretical and experimental analyses of the internal leakage in singlescrew expanders[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 86:273-281.
• [42] SUBIANTORO A, OOI K T. Comparison and performance analysis of the novel revolving vane expander design variants in low and medium pressure applications[J]. Energy, 2014, 78:747-757.
• [43]刘井龙,熊联友,侯予,等.一种新型膨胀机—涡旋式膨胀机[J].深冷技术, 2000(4):13-15.LIU Jinglong, XIONG Lianyou, HOU Yu, et al. A new type of expander-scroll expander[J]. Cryogenic Technology, 2000(4):13-15.
• [44] YANAGISAWA T, SHIMIZU T, FUKUTA M, et al. Study on fundamental performance of scroll expander[J].Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series B, 1988, 54(506):2798-2803.
• [45] SINGH S, SINGH A, DASGUPTA M S. CFD modeling of a scroll work recovery expander for trans-critical CO2refrigeration system[J]. Energy Procedia, 2017, 109:146-152.
• [46]马一太,李敏霞,王派,等.二氧化碳四级转子式压缩膨胀机:CN207673540U[P]. 2018-07-31[2023-05-08].MA Yitai, LI Minxia, WANG Pai, et al. The study of carbon dioxide expander applicable to small refrigeration units:CN207673540U[P]. 2018-07-31[2023-05-08].
• [47] SINGH S, DASGUPTA M S. Evaluating applicability of a scroll expander for CO2 refrigeration system at warm climate[J]. International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2017, 25(2):1750012.
• [48] SINGH S, DASGUPTA M S. Performance evaluation of a CO2 scroll expander for work recovery using artificial neural network[J]. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2018, 24(6):580-587.
• [49] ZHANG H, ZHAO H, DENG Q, et al. Aerothermo dynamic design and numerical investigation of supercritical carbon dioxide turbine[C]//Turbo Expo:Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015, 56802:V009T36A007.
• [50] LEE S, GURGENCI H. A comparison of three methodological approaches for meanline design of supercritical CO2 radial inflow turbines[J]. Energy conversion and management, 2020, 206:112500.
• [51] PERSKY R, SAURET E, BEATH A. Robust design and optimisation of a radial turbine within a supercritical CO2solar Brayton cycle[C]//Proceedings of the 11th World Congress on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimisation(WCSMO-11), Sydney, Nsw, Australia,2015:1-6.
• [52] ROMEI A, GAETANI P, GIOSTRI A, et al. The role of turbomachinery performance in the optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide power systems[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2020, 142(7):071001.
• [53] GIBBS J P. Power conversion system design for supercritical carbon dioxide cooled indirect cycle nuclear reactors[D]. Kings Point:United States Merchant Marine Academy, 2005:1.
• [54]王智,刘亚丽,匡轩毅.超临界二氧化碳单级轴流透平变工况特性分析[J].动力工程学报, 2021, 41(3):182-188.WANG Zhi, LIU Yali, KUANG Xuanyi. Analysis of offdesign characteristics of supercritical CO2 single-stage axial-flow turbine[J]. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering, 2021, 41(3):182-188.
• [55]张磊,乔加飞,舒伟林,等.超临界CO2透平主流道及间隙流动特性分析[J].热力透平, 2022, 51(3):184-190.ZHANG Lei, QIAO Jiafei, SHU Weilin, et al. Flow characteristics analysis of main flow channel and clearance of a supercritical CO2 turbine[J]. Thermal Turbine, 2022, 51(3):184-190.
• [56] LV G, YANG J, SHAO W, et al. Aerodynamic design optimization of radial-inflow turbine in supercritical CO2cycles using a one-dimensional model[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 165:827-839.
• [57] UNGLAUBE T, CHIANG H W D. Preliminary design of small-scale supercritical CO2 radial inflow turbines[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2020,142(2):021011.
• [58]王雨琦,施东波,张荻,等.部分进气超临界二氧化碳向心透平气动性能研究[J].热力透平, 2016, 45(3):184-188.WANG Yuqi, SHI Dongbo, ZHANG Di, et, al. Study on aerodynmic performance of a partial-admission supercritical carbon dioxide radial-inflow turbine[J].Thermal Turbine, 2016, 45(3):184-188.
• [59]韩万龙,丰镇平,王月明,等.超临界二氧化碳高压涡轮气动设计及性能[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2018,50(7):192-198.HAN Wanlong,FENG Zhenping, WANG Yueming, et al.Aerodynamic design and performance of SCO2 high pressure turbines[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2018, 50(7):192-198.
• [60] SCHMITT J, WILLIS R, AMOS D, et al. Study of a supercritical CO2 turbine with TIT of 1 350 K for Brayton cycle with 100 MW class output:aerodynamic analysis of stage 1 vane[C]//Turbo Expo:Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014,45660:V03BT36A019.
• [61]吕国川.超临界二氧化碳向心涡轮优化设计及分析[D].大连:大连理工大学, 2019:1.LYU Guochuan. Optimized design and analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide radial inflow turbine[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology, 2019:1.
• [62] DU Q, WANG Y, ZHANG D, et al. Numerical investigation on the performance of impeller back seal configuration in a supercritical CO2 radial-inflow turbine[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2021, 235(22):6152-6169.
• [63]应祺煜,诸葛伟林,张扬军,等.多级轴流超临界二氧化碳透平气动设计及仿真分析[J].热力发电, 2020,49(10):164-172.YING Qiyu, ZHUGE Weilin, ZHANG Yangjun, et al.Aerodynamic design and numerical analysis of a multistage axial supercritical carbon dioxide turbine[J].Thermal Power Generation, 2020, 49(10):164-172.
• [64] CONBOY T, WRIGHT S, PASCH J, et al. Performance characteristics of an operating supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle[J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2012, 134(11):111703.
• [65] LEE J, LEE J I, AHN Y, et al. Design methodology of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle turbomachineries[C].ASME Turbo Expo 2012:Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, 2012.
• [66] CHO J, SHIN H, CHO J, et al. Design, flow simulation,and performance test for a partial-admission axial turbine under supercritical CO2 condition[C]. ASME Turbo Expo2018:Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, 2018.
• [67] CHOI B, CHO J, SHIN H, et al. Development of a hundreds of kWe-class supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle test loop in KIER[C]//Turbo Expo:Power for Land,Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers,2019, 58721:V009T38A013.
• [68]魏丽红.透平式二氧化碳膨胀机开发及相变特性研究[D].西安:西安科技大学, 2121:1.WEI Lihong. Development and phase change characteristic of carbon dioxide turbine expander[D].Xi’an:Xi’an University of Science and Technology,2121:1.
• [69]杨策,施新.径流式叶轮机械理论及设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2004:1.YANG Ce, SHI Xin. Theory and design of radial flow turbomachinery[M]. Beijing:National Defense Industry Press, 2004:1.